Global Organization
For a comprehensive evaluation of recycling routes for lithium-ion battery recycling, we provide a clear definition of the terms “full recycling route”, “direct physical route”, “pyro-metallurgical route”, “hydro-metallurgical route”, “recycling efficiency” and “material recovery efficiency”.
In contrast, the companies that use the hydro-metallurgical (technology readiness level 9) route are all newly founded to exclusively treat lithium-ion batteries. With its good process performance, it can be assumed that this route for recycling lithium-ion batteries will be further expanded.
Thus, we recommend for all future studies on lithium-ion battery recycling that our structure with a clear identification of the systems boundary is used. The need to create clarity is important, as we can expect the number of combinations to increase even further in order to produce products with high yields and purity.
There are three possible process sequences for each lithium-ion battery-recycling route. A distinction is made between pre-treatment steps (gray), direct physical treatment steps (green), pyro-metallurgical treatment (orange), and hydro-metallurgical treatment (blue). The figure is based on a figure from Doose et al. (Joule 3:2622–2646, 2019).
Conclusive summary and perspective Lithium-ion batteries are considered to remain the battery technology of choice for the near-to mid-term future and it is anticipated that significant to substantial further improvement is possible.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become increasingly significant as an energy storage technology since their introduction to the market in the early 1990s, owing to their high energy density .
The innovation and practical values of this paper are as follows. Firstly, for the future development of WLIBRTs, different technical routes are evaluated in a multi-criteria …
There are three possible process sequences for each lithium-ion battery-recycling route. A distinction is made between pre-treatment steps (gray), direct physical treatment steps …
Currently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most widely used batteries in portable devices, electric vehicles, and grid-energy storage due to their high-energy and high …
the Development of the next Generation Power Battery Will Mainly Focus on Three Technical Routes: Lithium Ion Battery, Solid State Battery and Sodium Ion Battery. …
5 · Solid-state lithium metal batteries show substantial promise for overcoming theoretical limitations of Li-ion batteries to enable gravimetric and volumetric energy densities upwards of …
This paper provides a comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery recycling, covering topics such as current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy gaps, design strategies, funding for pilot …
In route 2, the target products could include various battery-grade chemicals, whereas in route 3, the goal is also flexible to produce either precursors or cathode materials. …
Lithium-ion batteries are the state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technology for mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles. Accordingly, they have attracted …
Economically viable electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling is increasingly needed; however routes to profitability are still unclear. We present a comprehensive, holistic …
In the lithium-ion battery cell assembly process, there are two main technologies: winding and stacking. These two technologies set up are always related to the …
4 · Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critical to energy storage solutions, especially for electric vehicles and renewable energy systems (Choi and Wang, 2018; Masias et al., 2021). …
Moreover, the technical route and future direction of LIB recycling are still unclear at this stage. Herein, this paper evaluates different waste lithium-ion battery recycling …
The development of lithium battery technology began in the consumer field and is currently developing rapidly in the field of power and energy storage. 1. Lithium battery …
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become increasingly significant as an energy storage technology since their introduction to the market in the early 1990s, owing to their high …
In this article, we will explore the progress in lithium-ion batteries and their future potential in terms of energy density, life, safety, and extreme fast charge. We will also discuss material sourcing, …
With increasing the market share of electric vehicles (EVs), the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as the critical energy power sources have experienced rapid growth …
This paper provides a comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery recycling, covering topics such as current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy …
Economically viable electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling is increasingly needed; however routes to profitability are still unclear. We present a comprehensive, holistic techno-economic model as a framework to directly …
Technological change evolves along a cyclical divergent-convergent pattern in knowledge diffusion paths. Technological divergence occurs as a breakthrough innovation, or …