Global Organization
Status of waste lead-acid battery generation Globally, approximately 10 million tons of lead is used to produce LABs annually, accounting for over 85% of lead production (Machado Santos et al., 2019; Prengaman, 2000; Tan et al., 2019).
Every year in China, approximately 300,000 lead batteries are replaced in motor vehicles and ships alone, and the annual growth rate of WLAB production is 7% (Bai et al., 2016). With the development of consumer electric bicycles, vehicles, and electronic communication devices, the number of LABs is expected to increase each year.
As for the recycled waste batteries, the primary lead industry can take lead concentrate or higher grade lead concentrate after sintering as the main raw material, and lead-containing waste in waste lead-acid batteries such as lead paste from a small number of WLABs as auxiliary ingredients.
Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products.
Denmark and the Netherlands levy a tax on each lead battery or vehicle to pay for the collection of lead batteries and subsidize the loss-making process of secondary lead recycling. Greece and Ireland have established funding programs to finance project development and related research on lead batteries and other metal recycling projects.
Metal lead sheets and lead paste are then smelted to produce secondary lead. There are two main ways to produce secondary lead: pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy (Tian et al., 2017). >90% of secondary lead comes from the pyrometallurgical recycling of WLABs.
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In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon …
In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery …
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In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are...
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Tian, X. et al. Environmental impact and economic assessment of secondary lead production: comparison of main spent lead-acid battery recycling processes in China. J. …
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In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are …
Standardize the warehousing operation process, increase the transparency of warehouse management, and realize the push-pull material management mode of production. 4.Product …