Moreover, a coupled PV-energy storage-charging station (PV-ES-CS) is a key development target for energy in the future that can effectively combine the advantages of photovoltaic, energy storage and electric vehicle charging piles, and make full use of them .
Additionally, under the coordinated PEB charging scenario (PEB charging loads are controllable), an optimal coordinated charging and discharging strategy involving PEBs and ESS is proposed. The control of ESS and PEBs is optimised in an integrated way and the combined control strategy achieves the best optimality.
Besides, it is observed that charging and discharging of ESS both occur in the valley period of electricity price (see Figs. 7 and 8 ). As a result, the night peak loads are further flattened, which implies that economic losses caused by energy consumption during the charging and discharging process are less than the reduction of capacity charge.
Based on the above scenario descriptions, the coordinated charging and discharging strategies for PEBFCS with ESS are computed through optimisation models to meet multiple constraints, such as charging demands of PEBs and continuous fast charging of PEB batteries, and to improve the economic benefit of PEBFCS, detailed in the next section.
(i) A coordinated charging strategy for PEBs without considering ESS is formulated as the baseline strategy. Additionally, under the coordinated PEB charging scenario (PEB charging loads are controllable), an optimal coordinated charging and discharging strategy involving PEBs and ESS is proposed.
The energy storage can effectively store the energy generated by the PV panels and reduce the uncertainty of PV outputs. PV can also provide power for energy storage, overcoming the shortage of limited capacity of energy storage.
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At the beginning of a new time interval, the control system will orderly (i) implement the strategy generated in the last time interval by controlling the charging or discharging power of ESS; (ii) calculate the new charging and …
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To deal with the (integrated) scheduling problem of (PEBs charging and) ESS charging and discharging, in this study, the authors propose an optimal real-time coordinated …
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